Klima & CO2-Gehalt in der Vergangenheit

@misc{zentralanstalt_fur_meteorologie_und_geodynamik_zamg_eisbohrkerne_nodate,
title = {Eisbohrkerne — {ZAMG}},
url = {https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/informationsportal-klimawandel/klimaforschung/klimarekonstruktion/eisbohrkerne},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
author = {{Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG)}}
}

@misc{zentralanstalt_fur_meteorologie_und_geodynamik_zamg_baumringe_nodate,
title = {Baumringe — {ZAMG}},
url = {https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/informationsportal-klimawandel/klimaforschung/klimarekonstruktion/baumringe},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
author = {{Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG)}}
}

@misc{zentralanstalt_fur_meteorologie_und_geodynamik_zamg_tiefseebohrkerne_nodate,
title = {Tiefseebohrkerne — {ZAMG}},
url = {https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/informationsportal-klimawandel/klimaforschung/klimarekonstruktion/tiefseebohrkerne},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
author = {{Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG)}}
}

@misc{noauthor_faktenfuchs_2020,
title = {#{Faktenfuchs}: {Wie} {Forscher} das {Treibhausgas} {CO2} messen},
shorttitle = {#{Faktenfuchs}},
url = {https://www.br.de/nachrichten/wissen/faktenfuchs-wie-forscher-das-treibhausgas-co2-messen,RpiQWFU},
abstract = {Kohlendioxid macht 0,04 Prozent der Atmosphäre aus - und ist das wichtigste Treibhausgas im menschengemachten Klimawandel. Ein \#Faktenfuchs dazu ließ viele User fragen: Wie ist die Wirkung von so geringen Gasmengen zu beweisen? Ein Folge-Faktenfuchs:},
language = {de},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
journal = {{BR24}},
month = feb,
year = {2020}
}

@misc{deutscher_wetterdienst_wetter_nodate,
title = {Wetter und {Klima} - {Deutscher} {Wetterdienst} - {Klimagase} ({CO2}, {CH4}, {N2O})},
url = {https://www.dwd.de/DE/forschung/atmosphaerenbeob/zusammensetzung_atmosphaere/spurengase/inh_nav/klimagase_node.html},
language = {de},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
author = {{Deutscher Wetterdienst}}
}

@misc{world_meteorological_organization_wmo_gaw_nodate,
title = {{GAW} {Global} stations | {World} {Meteorological} {Organization}},
url = {https://community.wmo.int/activity-areas/gaw/research-infrastructure/gaw-stations/gaw-global-stations},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
author = {World Meteorological Organization (WMO)}
}

@misc{monroe_keeling_nodate,
title = {The {Keeling} {Curve}},
url = {https://keelingcurve.ucsd.edu},
abstract = {The Keeling Curve is a daily record of global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration maintained by Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego.},
language = {en-US},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
journal = {{Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego}},
author = {Monroe, Rob}
}

@misc{wilke_atmospharische_2013,
type = {Text},
title = {Atmosphärische {Treibhausgas}-{Konzentrationen}},
url = {https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/klima/atmosphaerische-treibhausgas-konzentrationen},
abstract = {Bedingt durch seine hohe atmosphärische Konzentration ist Kohlendioxid nach Wasserdampf das wichtigste Klimagas. Die globale Konzentration von Kohlendioxid ist seit Beginn der Industrialisierung um gut 44 \% gestiegen. Demgegenüber war die Kohlendioxid-Konzentration in den vorangegangenen 10.000 Jahren annähernd konstant. Konzentrationen weiterer Treibhausgase tragen ebenfalls zum Klimawandel bei.},
language = {de},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
journal = {Umweltbundesamt},
author = {Wilke, Sibylle},
month = aug,
year = {2013},
note = {Publisher: Umweltbundesamt}
}

@misc{noauthor_eisbohrkern_2021,
title = {Eisbohrkern},
copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eisbohrkern&oldid=214563621},
abstract = {Ein Eisbohrkern ist ein Bohrkern, der in der Regel durch eine Bohrung in einem Eisschild oder Gletscher (der Kryosphäre) gewonnen wurde. Eisbohrkerne sind wichtige Klimaarchive, durch ihre Analyse ist es möglich, Informationen über das Klima der Vergangenheit zu erhalten.
Diese Art der Klimadatenerfassung ist eine sehr junge, aber zugleich eine der wichtigsten und genauesten Methoden, die heute bekannt sind.},
language = {de},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
journal = {Wikipedia},
month = aug,
year = {2021},
note = {Page Version ID: 214563621}
}

@book{faria_epica-dml_2018,
title = {The {EPICA}-{DML} {Deep} {Ice} {Core}: {A} {Visual} {Record} / by {Sérgio} {Henrique} {Faria}, {Sepp} {Kipfstuhl}, {Anja} {Lambrecht}},
isbn = {978-3-662-55308-4},
shorttitle = {The {EPICA}-{DML} {Deep} {Ice} {Core}},
language = {eng},
author = {Faria, Sérgio Henrique and Kipfstuhl, Joseph and Lambrecht, Anja},
year = {2018},
keywords = {Antarktis, Atlas, Eiskern, Glaziologie, Gletschereis, Stratigraphie}
}

@article{wilhelms_epica_2014,
title = {The {EPICA} {Dronning} {Maud} {Land} deep drilling operation},
volume = {55},
issn = {0260-3055, 1727-5644},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/epica-dronning-maud-land-deep-drilling-operation/A8433AB59060B60EE8E970037FED017A},
doi = {10.3189/2014AoG68A189},
abstract = {We report on the EPICA Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica) deep drilling operation. Starting with the scientific questions that led to the outline of the EPICA project, we introduce the setting of sister drillings at NorthGRIP and EPICA Dome C within the European ice-coring community. The progress of the drilling operation is described within the context of three parallel, deep-drilling operations, the problems that occurred and the solutions we developed. Modified procedures are described, such as the monitoring of penetration rate via cable weight rather than motor torque, and modifications to the system (e.g. closing the openings at the lower end of the outer barrel to reduce the risk of immersing the drill in highly concentrated chip suspension). Parameters of the drilling (e.g. core-break force, cutter pitch, chips balance, liquid level, core production rate and piece number) are discussed. We also review the operational mode, particularly in the context of achieved core length and piece length, which have to be optimized for drilling efficiency and core quality respectively. We conclude with recommendations addressing the design of the chip-collection openings and strictly limiting the cable-load drop with respect to the load at the start of the run.},
language = {en},
number = {68},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
journal = {Annals of Glaciology},
author = {Wilhelms, Frank and Miller, Heinrich and Gerasimoff, Michael D. and Drücker, Cord and Frenzel, Andreas and Fritzsche, Diedrich and Grobe, Hannes and Hansen, Steffen Bo and Hilmarsson, Sverrir Æ and Hoffmann, Georg and Hörnby, Kerstin and Jaeschke, Andrea and Jakobsdóttir, Steinunn S. and Juckschat, Paul and Karsten, Achim and Karsten, Lorenz and Kaufmann, Patrik R. and Karlin, Torbjörn and Kohlberg, Eberhard and Kleffel, Guido and Lambrecht, Anja and Lambrecht, Astrid and Lawer, Gunther and Schärmeli, Ivan and Schmitt, Jochen and Sheldon, Simon G. and Takata, Morimasa and Trenke, Marcus and Twarloh, Birthe and Valero-Delgado, Fernando and Wilhelms-Dick, Dorothee},
year = {2014},
note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
keywords = {Antarctic glaciology, glaciological instruments and methods, ice-core drilling},
pages = {355--366}
}

@misc{zdfterra_xzdfterra_xgruppe_5luise_wagner_jonas_sichert_wie_2019,
title = {Wie das {Eislabor} als {Klima}-{Archiv} wirkt},
url = {https://www.zdf.de/uri/5057f1bd-3e1b-4a22-a994-f5a568bdf870},
abstract = {Eisbohrkerne aus der Antarktis sind eine Art Klimaarchiv. Sie geben Auskunft über den Gehalt von Treibhausgasen in der Atmosphäre vor Abertausenden von Jahren.},
language = {de},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
author = {ZDF/Terra X/ZDF/Terra X/Gruppe 5/Luise Wagner, Jonas Sichert},
month = oct,
year = {2019}
}

@article{buntgen_recent_2021,
title = {Recent {European} drought extremes beyond {Common} {Era} background variability},
volume = {14},
copyright = {2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
issn = {1752-0908},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00698-0},
doi = {10.1038/s41561-021-00698-0},
abstract = {Europe’s recent summer droughts have had devastating ecological and economic consequences, but the severity and cause of these extremes remain unclear. Here we present 27,080 annually resolved and absolutely dated measurements of tree-ring stable carbon and oxygen (δ13C and δ18O) isotopes from 21 living and 126 relict oaks (Quercus spp.) used to reconstruct central European summer hydroclimate from 75 bce to 2018 ce. We find that the combined inverse δ13C and δ18O values correlate with the June–August Palmer Drought Severity Index from 1901–2018 at 0.73 (P {\textless} 0.001). Pluvials around 200, 720 and 1100 ce, and droughts around 40, 590, 950 and 1510 ce and in the twenty-first century, are superimposed on a multi-millennial drying trend. Our reconstruction demonstrates that the sequence of recent European summer droughts since 2015 ce is unprecedented in the past 2,110 years. This hydroclimatic anomaly is probably caused by anthropogenic warming and associated changes in the position of the summer jet stream.},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
journal = {Nature Geoscience},
author = {Büntgen, Ulf and Urban, Otmar and Krusic, Paul J. and Rybníček, Michal and Kolář, Tomáš and Kyncl, Tomáš and Ač, Alexander and Koňasová, Eva and Čáslavský, Josef and Esper, Jan and Wagner, Sebastian and Saurer, Matthias and Tegel, Willy and Dobrovolný, Petr and Cherubini, Paolo and Reinig, Frederick and Trnka, Miroslav},
month = apr,
year = {2021},
note = {Number: 4
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
pages = {190--196}
}

@article{meinshausen_historical_2017,
title = {Historical greenhouse gas concentrations for climate modelling ({CMIP6})},
volume = {10},
issn = {1991-959X},
url = {https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/10/2057/2017/gmd-10-2057-2017.html},
doi = {10.5194/gmd-10-2057-2017},
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}{\textless}strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor"{\textgreater}Abstract.{\textless}/strong{\textgreater} Atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are at unprecedented, record-high levels compared to the last 800 000 years. Those elevated GHG concentrations warm the planet and – partially offset by net cooling effects by aerosols – are largely responsible for the observed warming over the past 150 years. An accurate representation of GHG concentrations is hence important to understand and model recent climate change. So far, community efforts to create composite datasets of GHG concentrations with seasonal and latitudinal information have focused on marine boundary layer conditions and recent trends since the 1980s. Here, we provide consolidated datasets of historical atmospheric concentrations (mole fractions) of 43 GHGs to be used in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project – Phase 6 (CMIP6) experiments. The presented datasets are based on AGAGE and NOAA networks, firn and ice core data, and archived air data, and a large set of published studies. In contrast to previous intercomparisons, the new datasets are latitudinally resolved and include seasonality. We focus on the period 1850–2014 for historical CMIP6 runs, but data are also provided for the last 2000 years. We provide consolidated datasets in various spatiotemporal resolutions for carbon dioxide (CO$_{\textrm{2}}$), methane (CH$_{\textrm{4}}$) and nitrous oxide (N$_{\textrm{2}}$O), as well as 40 other GHGs, namely 17 ozone-depleting substances, 11 hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), 9 perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF$_{\textrm{6}}$), nitrogen trifluoride (NF$_{\textrm{3}}$) and sulfuryl fluoride (SO$_{\textrm{2}}$F$_{\textrm{2}}$). In addition, we provide three equivalence species that aggregate concentrations of GHGs other than CO$_{\textrm{2}}$, CH$_{\textrm{4}}$ and N$_{\textrm{2}}$O, weighted by their radiative forcing efficiencies. For the year 1850, which is used for pre-industrial control runs, we estimate annual global-mean surface concentrations of CO$_{\textrm{2}}$ at 284.3 ppm, CH$_{\textrm{4}}$ at 808.2 ppb and N$_{\textrm{2}}$O at 273.0 ppb. The data are available at {\textless}a href="https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/input4mips/" target="\_blank"{\textgreater}https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/input4mips/{\textless}/a{\textgreater} and {\textless}a href="http://www.climatecollege.unimelb.edu.au/cmip6" target="\_blank"{\textgreater}http://www.climatecollege.unimelb.edu.au/cmip6{\textless}/a{\textgreater}. While the minimum CMIP6 recommendation is to use the global- and annual-mean time series, modelling groups can also choose our monthly and latitudinally resolved concentrations, which imply a stronger radiative forcing in the Northern Hemisphere winter (due to the latitudinal gradient and seasonality).{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
language = {English},
number = {5},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
author = {Meinshausen, Malte and Vogel, Elisabeth and Nauels, Alexander and Lorbacher, Katja and Meinshausen, Nicolai and Etheridge, David M. and Fraser, Paul J. and Montzka, Stephen A. and Rayner, Peter J. and Trudinger, Cathy M. and Krummel, Paul B. and Beyerle, Urs and Canadell, Josep G. and Daniel, John S. and Enting, Ian G. and Law, Rachel M. and Lunder, Chris R. and O'Doherty, Simon and Prinn, Ron G. and Reimann, Stefan and Rubino, Mauro and Velders, Guus J. M. and Vollmer, Martin K. and Wang, Ray H. J. and Weiss, Ray},
month = may,
year = {2017},
note = {Publisher: Copernicus GmbH},
pages = {2057--2116}
}

@misc{wdr_doku_klimawandel_2021,
title = {Klimawandel - {Was} die {Wissenschaft} wirklich weiß (...und was nicht) | 1/2 | {WDR} {Doku}},
url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJ1zm65u-ck},
urldate = {2021-11-20},
author = {{WDR Doku}},
month = mar,
year = {2021}
}

@misc{wdr_doku_klimawandel_2021-1,
title = {Klimawandel - {Was} wir tatsächlich tun können | 2/2 | {WDR} {Doku}},
url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCvUwnIdqBI},
urldate = {2021-11-21},
author = {{WDR Doku}},
month = mar,
year = {2021}
}