Das Klima hat sich schon immer gewandelt

@misc{wikipedia_palaozaneozan-temperaturmaximum_2021,
title = {Paläozän/{Eozän}-{Temperaturmaximum}},
copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pal%C3%A4oz%C3%A4n/Eoz%C3%A4n-Temperaturmaximum&oldid=217454527},
abstract = {Das Paläozän/Eozän-Temperaturmaximum (PETM) vor etwa 55,8 Millionen Jahren war eine nach geologischen Maßstäben sehr kurze, aber extreme Erwärmungsphase, deren Dauer je nach wissenschaftlicher Analyse auf 170.000 bis 200.000 Jahre veranschlagt wird. Der damalige globale Temperaturanstieg erfolgte auf der Basis eines bereits vorhandenen Warmklimas und war mit einem stark erhöhten Eintrag von Treibhausgasen in die Erdatmosphäre und Weltmeere verbunden. Während des PETM stieg die globale Temperatur innerhalb von wahrscheinlich 4.000 Jahren um durchschnittlich 6 °C (nach anderen Studien kurzzeitig um bis zu 8 °C) von etwa 18 °C im späten Paläozän auf mindestens 24 °C am Beginn des Eozäns, wobei eine neuere Analyse erheblich höhere Werte veranschlagte.Die Wärmeanomalie an der Paläozän-Eozän-Grenze war mit einem ausgeprägten Konzentrationsabfall des stabilen Kohlenstoffisotops 13C verknüpft. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass sich am Beginn des PETM eine große Menge an 13C-abgereichertem Kohlenstoff in Atmo- und Hydrosphäre verteilte. Inzwischen liefern verschiedene Sedimentproben und Isotopenuntersuchungen aussagekräftige Erkenntnisse über die veränderten Umweltbedingungen sowohl in tropischen als auch in den höheren Breiten der nördlichen und südlichen Hemisphäre. Auf diese Weise konnte zum Beispiel durch das Verhältnis der Kohlenstoff-Isotope 13C und 12C ein deutlicher Vegetationsrückgang in Verbindung mit ausgeprägten Dürreperioden während der Wärmeanomalie nachgewiesen werden.
In den Geowissenschaften und besonders in der Paläoklimatologie wird das PETM häufig unter dem Aspekt analysiert, welche Auswirkungen ein massiver, auf wenige Jahrtausende beschränkter Kohlenstoffeintrag in das Klimasystem hat. Dabei werden oft Vergleiche zu den gegenwärtigen anthropogenen Kohlenstoffdioxid-Emissionen und dem Anstieg ihrer Konzentration in der Erdatmosphäre (siehe: Kohlenstoffdioxid in der Erdatmosphäre) gezogen.},
language = {de},
urldate = {2021-12-05},
journal = {Wikipedia},
author = {{Wikipedia}},
month = nov,
year = {2021},
note = {Page Version ID: 217454527},
}

@article{sluijs_warming_2014,
title = {Warming, euxinia and sea level rise during the {Paleocene}–{Eocene} {Thermal} {Maximum} on the {Gulf} {Coastal} {Plain}: implications for ocean oxygenation and nutrient cycling},
volume = {10},
issn = {1814-9332},
shorttitle = {Warming, euxinia and sea level rise during the {Paleocene}–{Eocene} {Thermal} {Maximum} on the {Gulf} {Coastal} {Plain}},
url = {https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/10/1421/2014/},
doi = {10.5194/cp-10-1421-2014},
abstract = {The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ∼ 56 Ma) was a ∼ 200 kyr episode of global warming, associated with massive injections of 13C-depleted carbon into the ocean–atmosphere system. Although climate change during the PETM is relatively well constrained, effects on marine oxygen concentrations and nutrient cycling remain largely unclear. We identify the PETM in a sediment core from the US margin of the Gulf of Mexico. Biomarker-based paleotemperature proxies (methylation of branched tetraether–cyclization of branched tetraether (MBT–CBT) and TEX86) indicate that continental air and sea surface temperatures warmed from 27–29 to ∼ 35 ◦C, although variations in the relative abundances of terrestrial and marine biomarkers may have influenced these estimates. Vegetation changes, as recorded from pollen assemblages, support this warming.},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2021-12-05},
journal = {Climate of the Past},
author = {Sluijs, A. and van Roij, L. and Harrington, G. J. and Schouten, S. and Sessa, J. A. and LeVay, L. J. and Reichart, G.-J. and Slomp, C. P.},
month = jul,
year = {2014},
pages = {1421--1439},
}

@article{mcinerney_paleocene-eocene_2011,
title = {The {Paleocene}-{Eocene} {Thermal} {Maximum}: {A} {Perturbation} of {Carbon} {Cycle}, {Climate}, and {Biosphere} with {Implications} for the {Future}},
volume = {39},
issn = {0084-6597, 1545-4495},
shorttitle = {The {Paleocene}-{Eocene} {Thermal} {Maximum}},
url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431},
abstract = {During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), ∼56 Mya, thousands of petagrams of carbon were released into the ocean-atmosphere system with attendant changes in the carbon cycle, climate, ocean chemistry, and marine and continental ecosystems. The period of carbon release is thought to have lasted {\textless}20 ka, the duration of the whole event was ∼200 ka, and the global temperature increase was 5–8◦C. Terrestrial and marine organisms experienced large shifts in geographic ranges, rapid evolution, and changes in trophic ecology, but few groups suffered major extinctions with the exception of benthic foraminifera. The PETM provides valuable insights into the carbon cycle, climate system, and biotic responses to environmental change that are relevant to long-term future global changes.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2021-12-05},
journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences},
author = {McInerney, Francesca A. and Wing, Scott L.},
month = may,
year = {2011},
pages = {489--516},
}

@article{kraus_paleohydrologic_2013,
title = {Paleohydrologic response to continental warming during the {Paleocene}–{Eocene} {Thermal} {Maximum}, {Bighorn} {Basin}, {Wyoming}},
volume = {370},
issn = {00310182},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018212006773},
doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.12.008},
abstract = {Geologically rapid global warming occurred during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) {\textasciitilde} 56 Ma. Several studies have argued that important changes occurred in the hydrological cycle during the PETM, but results have been inconsistent, ranging from global increases in humidity to drier conditions. Changes in paleosols during the PETM in the southeastern Bighorn Basin document major drying during the body of the event. Paleosol changes also suggest transitional episodes of climate change that both preceded and followed the PETM. Qualitative, semi-quantitative, and fully quantitative analyses of a {\textasciitilde} 70 m thick interval of paleosols provide a high-resolution record of changes in soil moisture and precipitation. Those changes are compared to changes in temperature determined from δ18O values of tooth enamel from the mammal Coryphodon. A distinct shift to drier soils occurred just prior to the PETM, a conclusion that is consistent with previous observations that warming began before the onset of the negative carbon isotope excursion associated with the PETM. Paleosols show a progressive drying trend into the lower part of the PETM and become even drier in the upper part of the body of the PETM. Purple-red paleosols that appear during the recovery phase of the PETM indicate wetter soils, although they are better drained than paleosols below the onset. The purple-red paleosols continue for {\textasciitilde} 15 m above the recovery and indicate that wetter soil conditions persisted after the recovery. It is not clear whether changes in the paleosols that preceded and followed the PETM reflect global forcing factors like orbital cycles or release of carbon that lacks an isotopic label; however, such mechanisms would provide a unifying explanation for shifts seen in continental and marine environments.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2021-12-05},
journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
author = {Kraus, Mary J. and McInerney, Francesca A. and Wing, Scott L. and Secord, Ross and Baczynski, Allison A. and Bloch, Jonathan I.},
month = jan,
year = {2013},
pages = {196--208},
}

@article{dambrosia_repetitive_2017,
title = {Repetitive mammalian dwarfing during ancient greenhouse warming events},
volume = {3},
url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1601430},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1601430},
number = {3},
urldate = {2021-12-05},
journal = {Science Advances},
author = {D’Ambrosia, Abigail R. and Clyde, William C. and Fricke, Henry C. and Gingerich, Philip D. and Abels, Hemmo A.},
month = mar,
year = {2017},
note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
pages = {e1601430},
}

@article{keller_environmental_2018,
title = {Environmental changes during the {Cretaceous}-{Paleogene} mass extinction and {Paleocene}-{Eocene} {Thermal} {Maximum}: {Implications} for the {Anthropocene}},
volume = {56},
issn = {1342937X},
shorttitle = {Environmental changes during the {Cretaceous}-{Paleogene} mass extinction and {Paleocene}-{Eocene} {Thermal} {Maximum}},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1342937X17303702},
doi = {10.1016/j.gr.2017.12.002},
abstract = {The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (KPB) mass extinction ({\textasciitilde}66.02 Ma) and the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) ({\textasciitilde}55.8 Ma) are two remarkable climatic and faunal events in Earth's history that have implications for the current Anthropocene global warming and rapid diversity loss. Here we evaluate these two events at the stratotype localities in Tunisia and Egypt based on climate warming and environmental responses recorded in faunal and geochemical proxies. The KPB mass extinction is commonly attributed to the Chicxulub impact, but Deccan volcanism appears as a major culprit. New mercury analysis reveals that major Deccan eruptions accelerated during the last 10 ky and reached the tipping point leading up to the mass extinction. During the PETM, climate warmed rapidly by {\textasciitilde}5 °C, which is mainly attributed to methane degassing from seafloor sediments during global warming linked to the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP). Biological effects were transient, marked by temporary absence of most planktic foraminifera due to ocean acidification followed by the return of the pre-PETM fauna and diversification. In contrast, the current rapid rise in atmospheric CO2 and climate warming are magnitudes faster than at the KPB or PETM events leading to predictions of a PETM-like response as best case scenario and rapidly approaching sixth mass extinction as worst-case scenario.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2021-12-05},
journal = {Gondwana Research},
author = {Keller, Gerta and Mateo, Paula and Punekar, Jahnavi and Khozyem, Hassan and Gertsch, Brian and Spangenberg, Jorge and Bitchong, Andre Mbabi and Adatte, Thierry},
month = apr,
year = {2018},
pages = {69--89},
}

@book{sven_ploger_zieht_2020,
edition = {3},
title = {Zieht euch warm an, es wird heiß!},
isbn = {978-3-86489-286-8},
publisher = {Westend},
author = {{Sven Plöger}},
year = {2020},
}